Photo Credit: Howard Conway

A field camp at Scott Glacier on the Antarctic continent takes a beating during a snowstorm. Howard Conway and his team will use a similar set up during their fieldwork on Roosevelt Island to take measurements using radar and GPS to learn about the deglaciation history of the Ross Sea Embayment.

It’s been about a dozen years since Howard Conway and colleagues used a snowmobile to pull a radar system on a sled across Antarctica’s Roosevelt Island, a 7,500-square-kilometer dome of ice in the northeastern corner of the Ross Ice Shelf .

Their measurements of ice thickness, stratigraphy, accumulation rate and other parameters allowed them to estimate the age of the ice and the thinning history of the island. That information, when combined with other data from the Ross Sea Embayment, created a rough timeline for the deglaciation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS).

Their work, published in the journal Science in 1999, suggested the grounding line where the ice sheet meets the sea floor retreated rather rapidly since the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago when ice sheets draped both hemispheres.

In addition, results of the study implied that the retreat of the WAIS was part of a natural event triggered well before anthropogenic warming got involved in the climate picture over the last couple of centuries. The paper concluded that if the present rate of natural deglaciation continues, the WAIS would disintegrate in about 7,000 years, which would raise sea level by 5 to 6 meters.

 

Map of Antarctica shows the location of Roosevelt Island.

Photo Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center

A satellite image of Roosevelt Island surrounded by the Ross Ice Shelf.

Graphic Credit: Howard Conway

A map shows the retreat of the WAIS grounding line during the Holocene.

In 2010, Conway will return to Roosevelt Island with an international team of scientists to refine those measurements of past melting to understand how the region may respond to future warming.

“We need a model to look at the future, so we need ground-truth data to make sure our models are right,” explained Conway, a soft-spoken glaciologist and research professor at the University of Washington . They will use radar and GPS to measure thinning and accumulation rates across the Island.

Conway’s three-member team will be based at a field camp set up by Antarctica New Zealand , with air transportation to and from the site provided by the U.S. Antarctic Program . The Kiwi team is drilling a 750-meter-deep ice core from the top of the island’s southern summit.

The ice contains properties that scientists can analyze to recreate past climatic and atmospheric conditions. In the case of Roosevelt Island, researchers expect to retrieve an annual history for the last 30,000 years, from the end of the last glacial period through the abrupt warming of the Holocene.

We want to “evaluate the stability of the Ross Ice Shelf in a warming world, and with that, help constrain future Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise,” said Nancy Bertler , a researcher from the Joint Antarctic Research Centre at Victoria University and GNS Science , who leads the New Zealand team, via e-mail.

“This information is particularly important for the next IPCC report,” she added, referring to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , a scientific body that assesses the current state of the climate.

The fourth IPCC assessment in 2007 concluded that most of the observed increases in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century were “very likely” due to anthropogenic, or human-induced, increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. The reported estimate sea levels would probably rise by 18 to 59 centimeters.

However, that calculation didn’t factor in the accelerated loss from polar regions. Both Greenland and West Antarctica are losing mass to the ocean much more rapidly than expected, Bertler said. The Antarctic Peninsula, in particular, is one of the fastest-warming regions on the planet, with several ice shelves having collapsed in the last several decades.

The disappearance of an ice shelf allows the glaciers and ice streams that flow into them to move more rapidly, speeding the draining of the ice sheet.

“As we see these smaller ice shelves disappear, we are concerned at what temperature threshold and over what time period the world’s largest ice shelf, the Ross Ice Shelf, could disintegrate and allow West Antarctic ice to accelerate into the ocean, exacerbating global sea level rise,” Bertler said.

Hence the need for the international Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) project, which also includes Danish, British, German, Italian and Australian collaborators.1 2   Next